Modal auxiliary

Pengertian Modal Auxiliary Verb

Modal Auxiliary verb adalah kata yang ditempatkan sebelum main verb (kata kerja utama) untuk memodifikasi makna dari kata kerja utama tersebut. Fungsinya untuk mengekspresikanwillingness (kemauan) atau ability(kemampuan), necessity (kebutuhan), dan possibility (kemungkinan).Kata kerja bantu ini antara lain: can, could, may, might, will, would, shall, should, must, dan ought to (phrasal modal verb).

Fungsi dan Contoh Kalimat Modal Auxiliary Verb

Berikut beberapa fungsi dan contoh kalimat modal auxiliary verb.

Modal Verb	Fungsi	Contoh Kalimat Modal Auxiliary Verb
Can	Can digunakan untuk menyatakanability (kemampuan)	You can buy anything with your money but you can not buy love. (Kamu dapat membeli apapun dengan uangmu tapi kamu tidak dapat membeli cinta)
	Modal verb ini dapat digunakan untuk meminta izin (permission)	Can I borrow your car for one night? (Bisakah saya meminjam mobilmu selama satu malam?)
Could	Could digunakan untuk menyatakan ability (kemampuan) dimasa lalu (past).	You could run faster than me two years ago. (Kamu dapat berlari lebih cepat dari saya dua tahun lalu.)
	Modal verb ini dapat digunakan untuk meminta izin (permission) untuk melakukan sesuatu dimasa lalu (past) atau masa depan (future).	Could I use your computer to print and scan? (Bolehkah saya memakai komputermu untuk print dan scan?)
May	May untuk menyatakan possibility(kemungkinan) dimasa sekarang (present) dan masa depan (future).	He may work out and consume healthy food every day. (Dia mungkin berlatih dan mengonsumsi makanan sehat setiap hari.)
		You may forget the embarassing incident tomorrow. (Kamu mungkin melupakan insiden memalukan itu besok.)
	Modal verb ini untuk meminta izin (permission) yang lebih formal daripada modal verb can.	May I go home now? (Bolehkah saya pulang sekarang?)
Might	Sama seperti may, modal verb ini digunakan untuk menyatakanpossibility (kemungkinan) dimasa sekarang (present) dan masa depan (future)[1]. Might dapat ditambahkan primary auxiliary verb have untuk menyatakan probability dimasa lalu (past). Modal verb ini digunakan untuk menyatakanhypothetical situation yang terbukti tidak terjadi[2], lain halnya dengan may yang belum terbukti[3].	You might forget the embarassing accident tomorrow.[1]
		The doctor might have warned you not to eat red meat.[2] (Dikatakan setelah diketahui fakta: The doctor has not warned–Dokter belum melarang.)
		The doctor may have warned you not to eat red meat.[3] (Faktanya: belum diketahui)
	Might merupakan bentuk past darimay dimana digunakan untuk meminta izin (permission) yang lebih formal daripada modal verbcould. Dibanding may, Might lebih tentatif (tidak pasti) kejadiannya.	If I have cleaned the room, might I play with my friend? (Jika saya sudah membersihkan ruangan, bolehkah saya main dengan teman?)
Will	Will untuk menyatakan willingness(kemauan). Willingness dapat diungkapkan dalam conditional sentence type 1 maupuninvitation (undangan/ajakan).	I will help you if you help yourself first. (Saya akan membantumu jika kamu membantu dirimu sendiri dulu.)
		Will you marry me? (Maukah kamu menikah dengan saya?)
	Modal verb ini untuk membuat keputusan secara spontan/tanpa rencana (simple future tense).	I’ll give you a glass of water. (Saya akan memberimu segelas air.)
		I think I’ll change my appearance. (Saya pikir saya akan merubah penampilan.)
	Will untuk membuat prediksi.	The sandstorm will come tonight. (Badai pasir akan datang nanti malam.)
Would	Sama seperti will, modal verb ini dapat digunakan untuk menyatakan willingness(kemauan), namun lebih polite(sopan).	Would you like to see my craft? (Maukah kamu melihat kerajinan tanganku?)
	Modal verb ini menyatakan sense of probability (kemungkinan).	He would be free tonight. (Dia akan kosong nanti malam.)
	Would dipadukan dengan auxiliaryhave untuk membentukconditional sentence type 3.Would disini untuk menyatakan tindakan yang ingin dilakukan dimasa lalu.	If you had remembered to invite me, Iwould have attended your party. (Jika kamu ingat mengundang saya, saya menghadiri pestamu.)
Shall	Shall [British English][1] digunakan untuk menyatakan simple futureseperti halnya will namun hanya digunakan pada first person (orang pertama) I dan we. Shall [US English][2] jarang digunakan selain untuk polite question untuk first person.	We shall overcome it someday.[1] (Kita akan mengatasinya suatu hari nanti.)
		Shall we pay a call him?[2] (Haruskah kita menjenguknya?)
		Shall I give you some advice?[2] (Haruskah saya memberimu beberapa nasehat?)
	Modal verb ini untuk menyatakanobligation (kewajiban) pada formal situation (yang dapat berupa legal document maupun pada saatmeeting. Pada situasi ini, baiksecond maupun third person dapat digunakan dengan modal verb ini.	The Human Resource manager shall report the employee performance. (HR manager harus melaporkan performansi karyawan.)
Should	Should untuk memberi suggestion(saran) atau advice (nasehat).	You should see the doctor. (Kamu harus ke dokter.)
		We should meet more often. (Kita harus bertemu lebih sering.)
Must	Must dipadukan dengan not untuk menyatakan prohibition (larangan)	You mustn’t give up. (Kamu tidak boleh menyerah.)
	Modal verb ini mengekspresikanobligation (kewajiban) ataunecessity (kebutuhan).	We must go to bed now. (Kita harus tidur sekarang.)
Ought to	ought to digunakan untuk menyatakan apa yang benar atau tepat	I ought to wear high quality running shoes. (Saya harus menggunakan sepatu lari berkualitas tinggi.)
		We ought to select the best candidate for the job. (Kita harus memilih kandidat terbaik untuk pekerjaan tsb.)

Source : http://www.wordsmile.com/pengertian-contoh-kalimat-modal-auxiliary-verbs

Affirmative & Negative Agreement, Negation, Commands

- Affirmative Agreement

Untuk menghilangkan pengulangan kata pada suatu kalimat kita bisa menggunakan kata “so”atau “too”. Ada perbedaan pada susunan kalimatnya ketika menggunaan kata “so” dan “too”. Silahkan perhatikan rumus berikut:

Ketika hanya ada “to be” pada klausa utama (main clause), maka tenses yang sama dari “to be” digunakan pada klausa kedua (second clause).

Contohnya:

1.     I am hungry = I am hungry, and you are too.

2.    You are hungry = I am hungry, and so are you.

Affirmative statement (be) + and + [ S + verb (be) + too]

Contoh kalimat:

1.     Their plane is arriving at 7 o’clock, and so is mine.

2.    I am sick, and He is too.

3.    Our class is clean, and so are theirs.

4.    Bella is beautiful, and her sister is too.

5.    My hand writing is bad, and so are you.

- Negative Agreement

“Either” dan “neither” memiliki fungsi yang sama seperti kata “too” dan “so” pada klausa kedua (second clause) dalam kalimat positif (affirmative sentence/ agreement). Kata “Either”dan “neither” ini digunakan untuk mengindikasikan kalimat negative (negative sentence/ agreement). Aturan yang sama juga berlaku untuk penggunaan “to be”, “auxiliary verb” (kata kerja bantu), dan “verb” (kata kerja).

Contohnya:

1.  I didn’t go to the mosque yesterday, and Ali didn’t either.

2.  I didn’t go to the mosque yesterday, and neither did Ali.

Negative statement + and + Subject + negative auxiliary or “to be” + either/Neither + positive auxiliary or “to be” + subject

 - Negation

To make a sentence negative, add the negative particle not after the auxiliary or verb be. If there is no auxiliary or be, add the appropriate form of do, does, or did and place in word not after that.

e.g.

John is rich                  John is not rich

Mark has seen Bill       Mark has not seen Bill

The following examples contain no auxiliary and thus use do, does, or did.

e.g.

Marvin likes spinach   Marvin does not like spinach

They went to class      They did not go to class

Some/any

If there is a noun in the complement of a negative sentence, one should add the particle any before the noun.

Some               affirmative sentences

Any                 negative sentences and question

e.g. John has some money

John doesn’t have any money

Hardly, barely, rarely, seldom, etc.

Remember that in an English sentence it is usually incorrect to have two negatives together. This is called a double negative and is not acceptable in standard English. The following words have a negative meaning and, thus, must be used with a positive verb

Hardly                                     almost nothing

Barely              mean                              or

Scarcely                                   almost not at all

Rarely       

Seldom           mean                almost never

Hardly ever

e.g.

She scarcely remembers the accident (she almost doesn’t remember the accident)

We seldom see phone of these animals (we almost never see photos of these animals)

- Commands

A command is an imperative statement. One person orders another to do something. It can be preceded by please. The understood subject is you. Use the simple form of the verb.

Close the door                         leave the room

Please turn off the light                      Open your book

Negative commands: A negative command is formed by adding the word don’t before the verb.

Don’t close the door

Please don’t turn off the light

Indirect commands: Usually the verbs order, ask, tell, or say are used to indicate an indirect command. They are followed by the infinitive (to + verb).

Jack asked Jill to turn off the light

The policeman ordered the suspect to be quite

Negative Indirect commands: to make an indirect command negative, add the particle not before the infinitive.

                        Subject + verb + complement + not + (verb in infinitive)

e.g.

The teacher told Christopher not to open the window

Please tell Jeime not to leave the room.

Exercise:

1.          Rose likes to fly, and her brother does too.

2.          They will leave at noon, and I will too.

3.          He has an early appointment, and so do I.

4.          She has already written her composition, and so have her friends.

5.          Their plane is arriving at nine o’clock, and so is mine.

6.          The children shouldn’t take that medicine, and neither should she.

7.          We don’t plan to attend the concert, and neither do they.

8.          I don’t like tennis, and he doesn’t either.

9.          They won’t have to work on weekends, and we won’t either.

10.      That scientist isn’t too happy with the project, and neither are her supervisors

Source:

http://azharibrianaristya.blogspot.com/

http://fnflife.blogspot.com/2010/07/affirmative-negative-aggrement.html

Verb as complement

Verbs as Complements

How to use Verbs as Complements

1) This construction is used with the verbs listed below:

VERB+

GERUND (VERB-ING)

admit	delay	miss	regret	risk
appreciate	deny	postpone	report	suggest
avoid	enjoy	practice	resent
can’t help	finish	quit	resist
consider	mind	recall	resume

The sentence construction would be as follows:

SUBJECT+

VERB+

GERUND+

COMPLEMENT+

MODIFIER

I enjoy studying English at the CBA.Examples:

He considered traveling to Europe for the summer, but he doesn’t have enough funds.

2) This construction is used with the verbs listed below:

VERB+

INFINITIVE (TO VERB)

agree	expect	intend	prepare	try
attempt	fail	learn	pretend	want
claim	forget	mean	propose	wish
decide	have	need	refuse
demand	hesitate	offer	seem
desire	hope	plan	tend

Examples:

I decided to refuse the invitation.

He pretended to be someone else.

She forgot to bring her keys.

 3) With the following Verbs the Sentence doesn’t change meaning if you use the gerund (ing) or the infinitive

begin	continue
like	prefer
can’t stand	start
love	hate

VERB+

GERUND (VERB-ING)

  or

VERB+

INFINITIVE (TO VERB)

 4) With the following Verbs the Sentence has Different Meaning

 Stop

Remember

Forget

VERB+

GERUND (VERB-ING) – Means forever

Example:

She stopped studying Engineering when she got pregnant.  

Meaning she won’t study Engineering any more.  She stopped studying forever.

or

VERB+

INFINITIVE (TO VERB)

 Example:

She stopped to study English when I called her. 

Meaning that she will continue to study after her break.

5) Use of prepositions with the -Ing Form

VERB+

PREPOSITION+

VERB-ING

List of Prepositions that use this construction:

as a result of	from	in view of	thanks to
at	in	of	through
because of	in exchange for	on account of	with
by means of	in return for	on the strength of	without
by virtue of	in spite of	out of
for fear of	in the face of	owing to
for lack of	in the light of
for want of

Example: EXCEPTION:  But, except.

He hid the wallet, for fear of being stolen.

She was really famous, as a result of acting as Mary in the Jesus Christ film.

Courage in the Face of Eviction Nightmare

6) Use of Adjectives with the infinitive form

ADJECTIVES +

INFINITIVE

Construction:

VERB+

ADJECTIVE+

TO VERB

I’m pleased to meet you

List of adjectives that use this construction: 

able	dangerous	good	ready
anxious	difficult	hard	strange
boring	eager	pleased	usual
common	easy	prepared

 Examples:

It’s difficult to understand some people.

I’m prepared to take this test.

Rafael is eager to meet you.

7) Use a Pronoun before the Infinitive form 

Certain verbs require the following construction:

SUBJECT+

VERB+

PRONOUN+

TO VERB

Allow    Ask Beg

Convince  Expect Instruct

Invite   Order Permit

PersuadePrepare Promise

RemindUrge Want

The pronouns to be used are object pronouns: ME, YOU, HIM, HER, IT, US, YOU, THEM.

 Example:

He orders her to study for the test.

My mother promised me to take me to the mall.

Rahima convinced him to purchase an expensive purse.

8) Use the -ing (gerung) form of a verb after the possessive form.

SUBJECT+

VERB+

POSSESSIVE FORM+

VERB-ING

Possessive form: MINE, YOURS, HIS, HERS, ITS, YOURS, OURS, THEM, MY, YOU , HIS HER, ITS, YOURS,  THEIR.

Example:

I understand her feeling.

9) Use of the verb need with different nouns (living and things) 

With living things use need and the infinitive form of the verb.

LIVING THING+

NEED+

INFINITIVE

George needs to work out more often.

THING+

NEED+

GERUND (ING)TO BE+ PAST PARTICIPLE

The blender needs to be repaired.

The blanket needs to be cleaned.

10) Use of subjunctives

SUBJECT+

VERB+

THAT+

SUBJECT+

VERB WORD +

….+

Joe prefers that she speak with him personally.

VERBS WITH THAT:

AdviceAsk Command Decree

DemandDesire Insist

MoveOrder Prefer

RecommendRequest Require

StipulateSuggest Urge

NOUNS WITH THAT:

Recommendation

Requirement

Suggestion

Source : http://www.english4dummies.com/verbs-as-complements/